Now showing items 3950-3969 of 8086

GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colombian medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: construct validity and reliability

Camargo, Loida; Herrera-Pino, Jorge Alfredo; Shelach , Salomon; Soto-Añari, Marcio; Porto, Maria F.; Alonso, Monica; González, Miguel; Contreras, Oscar; Caldichoury, Nicole; Ramos-Henderson, Miguel; GARGIULO, Pascual; López, Norman (Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 2021-06-14)

Introduction: The detection of anxiety symptoms among health workers who care for patients infected with COVID-19 is a current priority. Fast and valid instruments are required for this population group. The objective is ...
Gamificación como estrategia didáctica para el fortalecimiento en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés

Escorcia caballero, Liyith Paola; Díaz Montoya, Laura Lorena; Del Valle Parra, Kelly Paola (Corporación Universidad de la CostaHumanidadesBarranquilla, ColombiaLicenciatura en Educación Básica Primaria, 2022)

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito desarrollar estrategias didácticas de gamificación para el fortalecimiento en los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje del inglés en estudiantes del grado primero A del ...
Gamificación como mediación didáctica para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático

Sarmiento Estrada, Elkin; Villalba Buelvas, Arleidis (Corporación Universidad de la CostaHumanidadesBarranquilla. ColombiaMaestría en Educación, 2022)

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo validar una propuesta de mediación didáctica centrada en la Gamificación como fundamento para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático. Se implementó un diseño cuasi experimental ...
Gamificación para la gestión de la innovación a nivel organizacional. Una revisión del estado del arte

Ovallos Gazabon, David Alfredo; Villalobos Toro, Bertha Ines; De La Hoz Escorcia, Sandra Milena; Maldonado Perez, Doyreg Jovana (Espacios, 2016)

En este trabajo se pretende revisar la literatura sobre gamificación y aplicar principios de análisis para sintetizar la investigación existente utilizando preguntas de orientación y un análisis cienciométrico para identificar ...
A gamification strategy in engineering education

Gamarra, Margarita; Domínguez, Anderson; Velázquez, Jhonnys; Páez, Heyder (John Wiley and Sons Inc.United States, 2021-10-20)

Classical teaching–learning methods have been widely used in higher education. However, current teaching and evaluation methodologies are incorporating dynamic techniques that allow greater student participation in the ...
Garantías del derecho a la salud de los habitantes de la calle de Barranquilla

Gullo Marín, Maira Alejandra; Jordan Polo, Juan Daniel (Corporación Universidad de la CostaDerecho y Ciencias PolíticasBarranquilla, ColombiaDerecho, 2022)

The Human Rights of people has always been a controversial issue, but this time we went there, we treated the issue from a population that has historically been vulnerable and has been forgotten by society and on many ...
Garantías del estado colombiano para la protección de los derechos fundamentales de las mujeres en alto riesgo de feminicidio en el departamento del Atlántico

Luis Hernando, Castro Garcia (Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasBarranquilla, ColombiaDerecho, 2022)

In the present investigation, the topic of Femicide was covered and the guarantees offered by the Colombian state for prevention and safe protection of the rights of women at high risk of femicide in the Department of the ...
Garantías del teletrabajo en el sistema general de riesgos laborales en Colombia

Gutiérrez Rocha, Javier; Mendoza Lara, Oscar (Universidad de la CostaDerecho, 2019)

From the beginning of mankind, man has sought and used all the resources that have been within reach to have his basic needs. This search has required to evolve and improve the techniques for carrying out the job; where ...
Garantías jurídicas contra el mobbing en el derecho colombiano y las consecuencias psicológicas en la mujer

Del Rio Gonzàlez, Nacira; Del Rio González, Sulay (Corporación Universidad de la CostaDerecho, 2020)

This research is responsible for explaining the legal guarantees that women have against mobbing, workplace harassment or moral harassment at work in the Colombian legal system, identifying the characteristics and psychological ...
Garantías laborales de la población LGTBIQ+ en Colombia en el marco del estado social de derecho

Gómez de la Cruz, Adriana Marcela (Corporación Universidad de la CostaDerecho y Ciencias PolíticasBarranquilla, ColombiaDerecho, 2022)

Colombia is a Social State of Law, which has as one of its main obligations the protection of fundamental rights, guided by constitutional principles such as equality and human dignity, enshrined in the Political Constitution ...
Garantías laborales que brinda el estado colombiano a las trabajadoras sexuales

Zarate Molinares, Erika (Universidad de la CostaDerecho, 2018-04-17)

When referring to this very old and controversial topic, which at the same time brings with it legal and social implications, it is necessary to take into account that in sex work, constant risks are assumed, it is also ...
Gas sensing system using an unmanned aerial vehicle

Piñeres Espitia, Gabriel Dario; Aziz Butt, Shariq; Cañate-Masson, M.; Alvarez-Navarro, A.; Areeb Hassan, Syed; Gochhait, Saikat (2021)

A prototype is designed for the analysis of CO2 concentration. In this paper, to evaluate its functionality, data sending tests are executed. A low cost E34-2G4H20D RF module installed in a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) ...
Gasto de bolsillo y gasto catastrófico en salud en los hogares de Cartagena, Colombia

Alvis-Zakzuk, Jossie; Marrugo-Arnedo, Carlos; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Gómez de la Rosa, Fernando; Florez-Tanus, Álvaro; Moreno-Ruiz, Deicy; Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson (Revista de Salud Pública, 2018-04-20)

Objetivo Estimar el gasto de bolsillo y la probabilidad de gasto catastrófico de los hogares y sus determinantes socioeconómicos en Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Estudio transversal en una muestra poblacional ...
Gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio y hospitalario en pacientes con cáncer de mama en la comunidad de valencia. Análisis de los grupos de riesgo clínico 2014-2015

Albanes Beltran, JP; Vivas Consuelo, D; Romero, M; Caballer, V; Alvis-Guzmán, N; De la Hoz Restrepo, F (Value in health 21, 2017)

Objectives Analizar el gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio y los gastos hospitalarios de las pacientes con cancer de mama (CDM) de una comunidad autónoma española a través de los CRG en los años 2014 y 2015. Methods De la ...
El gasto público y su influencia en la economía en el gobierno de la seguridad democrática 2005-2009

Barrios Barrios, Alberto Enrique (Corporación Universidad de la Costa, 2010-12-31)

El gasto público es la principal herramienta con que cuenta el Estado para ejecutar su programa de gobierno y a la vez es el reflejo de las prioridades e intereses de su política económica. La finalidad del gasto en el ...
Gender differences in nutritional, odontological and psychological patterns of adolescent students during COVID-19 pandemic

Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco; López-Pérez, P. Javier; Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier (Corporación Universidad de la Costa, 2021-09-13)

This research aimed to explore gender differences in nutritional, odontological and psychological patterns of adolescent students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to achieve the study’s aim, 127 adolescent students ...
Gender differences in psychological stress factors of physical therapy degree students in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BERMEJO FRANCO, ALBERTO; Sánchez-Sánchez, Juan Luis; Gaviña-Barroso, María Isabel; Atienza-Carbonell, Beatriz; Balanzá-Martínez, Vicent; Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier (Frontiers Media S.A.Switzerland, 2022-01-12)

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the mental health and quality of life of male and female physical therapy students at the European University of Madrid. (2) Methods: ...
Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors

Redondo-Flórez, Laura; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco; Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús; Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier (Corporación Universidad de la Costa, 2020)

The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical ...
Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology, and behaviors of spanish university students

Rodriguez-Besteiro, Stephanie; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco; Fernández-Lucas, Jesús; Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier (Corporación Universidad de la Costa, 2021-04-08)

The actual COVID-19 pandemic scenario has generated a context of uncertainty, helplessness, and inequality. Yet, the perception of COVID-19 risk has influenced nutritional, psychological, and physical activity patterns ...
Gender diversity in the board, women’s leadership and business performance

Moreno Gómez, Jorge Issac; Lafuente, Esteban; Vaillant, Yancy (Gender in Management, 2018)

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate how gender diversity in top management – i.e. boardroom and top management positions – affects business performance among Colombian public businesses. Design/methodology/approach: ...

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GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colombian medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: construct validity and reliability
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Camargo, Loida | 2021-06-14

Introduction: The detection of anxiety symptoms among health workers who care for patients infected with COVID-19 is a current priority. Fast and valid instruments are required for this population group. The objective is to establish the construct validity and reliability of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale in Colombian doctors during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: E-health study, in which cross-sectional data were collected online (n = 1,030) from 610 COVID doctors and 420 non-COVID doctors, during the Colombian lockdown, between 20 April and 10 August 2020. Each subject was contacted, and they confirmed their participation, identity and professional role. Results: A single factor factorial structure was found, made up of the 7 items of the instrument, which managed to explain 70% of the variance. The goodness of fit indices (RMSEA = 0.080; CFI = 0.995; SRMR = 0.053; p < 0.001) showed an “acceptable” unidimensionality and adequate factor loadings in each item of the GAD-7, >0.070. Finally, the internal consistency of the instrument was good, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.920 (95%IC, 8.80-9.71). Conclusions: The GAD-7 is an instrument that presents adequate indicators of validity and reliability. It is an excellent tool that is reliable and easy and fast to use for the detection of generalised anxiety symptoms in medical personnel caring (or not) for patients infected with COVID-19.

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Gamificación como estrategia didáctica para el fortalecimiento en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés
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Escorcia caballero, Liyith Paola | 2022

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito desarrollar estrategias didácticas de gamificación para el fortalecimiento en los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje del inglés en estudiantes del grado primero A del Colegio José Eusebio Caro de Barranquilla, Atlántico, este estudio se realizó desde un enfoque epistemológico racionalista-deductivo, paradigma complementario y enfoque investigativo mixto. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron, guía de observación, pre-test y pos-test; arrojando que, existe la necesidad de implementar y desarrollar plataformas y modelos virtuales que permitan estudiar y profundizar desde la gamificación la enseñanza–aprendizaje del idioma inglés, con la intención de mejorar los índices sintéticos de esta área a nivel educativo.

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Gamificación como mediación didáctica para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático
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Sarmiento Estrada, Elkin | 2022

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo validar una propuesta de mediación didáctica centrada en la Gamificación como fundamento para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático. Se implementó un diseño cuasi experimental bajo un enfoque cuantitativo seleccionando un grupo experimental y otro control, se basa en establecer el nivel inicial del desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático en los estudiantes de primero y séptimo grado a partir del alcance de competencias de razonamiento y resolución de problemas, para lo cual se aplicaron talleres en ambas competencias; del mismo modo se aplicaron estrategias de Gamificación en el grupo experimental (Monster Numbers, Knowre, Maths Games) y por último se evaluará el nivel de desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático después de implementar dichas estrategias basadas en Gamificación a través de un post test que permitirá comparar los niveles de apropiación y comprobar la hipótesis planteada.

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Gamificación para la gestión de la innovación a nivel organizacional. Una revisión del estado del arte
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Ovallos Gazabon, David Alfredo | 2016

En este trabajo se pretende revisar la literatura sobre gamificación y aplicar principios de análisis para sintetizar la investigación existente utilizando preguntas de orientación y un análisis cienciométrico para identificar el comportamiento de las publicaciones a través de los años, mostrando una tendencia creciente en el impacto del concepto gamificación en Científicas revistas desde 2010. Se consultaron las bases de datos tales como Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, IEEE y WOS, permitiendo la identificación de autores, publicaciones e instituciones con mayor impacto en la temática a nivel mundial y señalando que América Latina muestra un bajo nivel de producción científica en este tema. La última parte se centra en las líneas de investigación que se persiguen en el ámbito de la gamificación y se hacen sugerencias sobre aquellos aspectos que más se beneficiarían de la investigación futura.

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A gamification strategy in engineering education
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Gamarra, Margarita | 2021-10-20

Classical teaching–learning methods have been widely used in higher education. However, current teaching and evaluation methodologies are incorporating dynamic techniques that allow greater student participation in the learning process. It is essential that the classic model of education adapts to the changes in society and uses proper tools to encourage motivation in the education process. Gamification approaches generate motivation in the students and can lead to enhance the learning processes and outcomes. These strategies offer an alternative that is being used increasingly in higher education. Therefore, in this study, we developed a gamification strategy to generate motivation and engagement in engineering students. The strategy is applied in different courses and both in traditional and remote modalities. The validation of the proposal was carried out through a diagnostic tool in the form of a survey applied to the students of the courses where the gamified strategies were implemented. From these results we concluded that the gamified strategy helped to increase the motivation and engagement of the students, generating greater participation in the academic activities.

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Garantías del derecho a la salud de los habitantes de la calle de Barranquilla
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Gullo Marín, Maira Alejandra | 2022

The Human Rights of people has always been a controversial issue, but this time we went there, we treated the issue from a population that has historically been vulnerable and has been forgotten by society and on many occasions by the State itself, due to the lack of guarantees that it grants to the inhabitants of the street. Once the problem of the rights of the inhabitants of the street has been addressed, we ask ourselves the following question: What is the scope of the guarantees of the fundamental right to health of the inhabitants of the street of Barranquilla?. The present degree work develops a socio-legal methodology with a qualitative approach, describing the human rights of people with a deep emphasis on the population of street dwellers in the city of Barranquilla between the years 2019-2021. Data collection was carried out through exhaustive research bibliography in sufficient documentary sources with sufficient veracity and first-hand information, which were subjected to a study and in-depth analysis to be able to extract the relevant information and data. Finally, results are issued with diagnoses made from a social and legal perspective, because this issue has a direct impact on the evolution we have as a society and seeks continuous improvement, safeguarding the right to a dignified life that Colombia promulgates as a Social State of Law

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Garantías del estado colombiano para la protección de los derechos fundamentales de las mujeres en alto riesgo de feminicidio en el departamento del Atlántico
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Luis Hernando, Castro Garcia | 2022

In the present investigation, the topic of Femicide was covered and the guarantees offered by the Colombian state for prevention and safe protection of the rights of women at high risk of femicide in the Department of the Atlantic were reviewed, such as Law 1257 of 2008. , created to provide guarantees for all women, and that they can develop a life free from all kinds of violence, both in the public sphere and in their private life; and Law 1761 of 2015, (Rosa Elvira Cely) created in order to prevent the occurrence of heinous acts such as the one that occurred to the citizen whose name the law mentions, and also to try to contribute to reducing the rates of this crime. In the present work, in addition, we mention some sentences of the Constitutional Court related to the subject. We also collected the concepts of organizations of women's groups and entities that promote prevention and non-violation of women's rights and fight for the eradication of all types of violence against them.The following were proposed as specific objectives: 1- Identify the risk factors that have a direct impact on Femicide. 2.- Analyze the state of vulnerability in which women in the department of Atlántico find themselves with respect to their aggressors. 3. Determine the protection measures established by the Colombian State for women at high risk of femicide 4. - Establish if the implementation of Law 1761 of 2015 has contributed to lowering the rates of Femicide in Colombia and the department of Atlántico. For the evolution of this investigation, we took and studied the definitions of some authors on the subject in question, as well as analyzed the jurisprudence of the courts where cases of violence against women are handled, to establish whether the guarantees offered by the Colombian State regarding the security of its citizens against femicide are being effective. As a result of the socio-legal research with a qualitative approach, it was concluded that despite the efforts of the State, the established guarantees have not been sufficient for the prevention and protection of women who are outraged by violence, which places them at imminent risk of being a victim of femicide and that the protection measures for women victims of violence have not been efficient in terms of the objective for which they were created. It was also established that femicide goes hand in hand with several factors that have an impact on the commission of this crime, such as the socioeconomic situation, lack of study, among others. As a recommendation, it was established that the State must provide better training to its officials, that it is necessary to carry out a process of denaturalization of all violent manifestations that go against women, in addition to strengthening protection measures offered by the state. By achieving all this, the occurrence of femicide cases throughout the national territory could be avoided

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Garantías del teletrabajo en el sistema general de riesgos laborales en Colombia
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Gutiérrez Rocha, Javier | 2019

From the beginning of mankind, man has sought and used all the resources that have been within reach to have his basic needs. This search has required to evolve and improve the techniques for carrying out the job; where it has gone from the collection of fruits and the hunt, until the industrialization of the processes, for the elaboration of products and services, in which it has always been used of the workforce. During this process, different forms of work have been used such as slavery and feudalism and with the industrial revolution, labor relations between employers and workers emerged; The above has involved workers' struggles to obtain rights and guarantees in the performance of the work, including the protection of the health and physical integrity of workers due to the dangers and risks they face in their daily job. Currently with the technological advances and the new virtual tools, a new job modality has been designed and implemented that has been called Teleworking; this type of employment relationship has caused the concern that if teleworkers in Colombia, the name with which they have been identified by workers under this methodology, have the same guarantees as traditional workers against the system of labor hazards, which is the main objective of this literature review?

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Garantías jurídicas contra el mobbing en el derecho colombiano y las consecuencias psicológicas en la mujer
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Del Rio Gonzàlez, Nacira | 2020

This research is responsible for explaining the legal guarantees that women have against mobbing, workplace harassment or moral harassment at work in the Colombian legal system, identifying the characteristics and psychological consequences of this, due to the increase in large proportion, affecting the psychological and physical health of the female gender. It is a documentary and systematic bibliographic review, qualitative and quantitative since an instrument is used to measure the most severe psychological consequences that this problem presents to later reach the conclusion that the index of psychological consequences in women who suffer from workplace harassment, mobbing or moral harassment at work are severe and, on the other hand, there is no effective guarantee in Colombia to regulate, prevent and eradicate harassment.

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Garantías laborales de la población LGTBIQ+ en Colombia en el marco del estado social de derecho
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Gómez de la Cruz, Adriana Marcela | 2022

Colombia is a Social State of Law, which has as one of its main obligations the protection of fundamental rights, guided by constitutional principles such as equality and human dignity, enshrined in the Political Constitution of 1991, seeking the protection of minimum guarantees to which all sectors of society, without any distinction or discrimination, must have access. The Constitution, jurisprudence and the law have confirmed international treaties on labor matters, which broadly express the labor rights of all persons and the prohibition of situations of labor exclusion, seeking for the protection of the right to work of those minorities such as the LGTBIQ+ population. Despite the above, in Colombia the recognition of labor guarantees for LGTBIQ+ persons are still under debate, so it is not known what their current situation is in the country. This research aims to analyze this situation, resorting to the review of bibliographic data, case studies and statistical data conducted by consulting centers in the country and departments trained for this purpose, which yielded the conclusions and recommendations detailed at the end of this research work.

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Garantías laborales que brinda el estado colombiano a las trabajadoras sexuales
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Zarate Molinares, Erika | 2018-04-17

When referring to this very old and controversial topic, which at the same time brings with it legal and social implications, it is necessary to take into account that in sex work, constant risks are assumed, it is also considered as a crime discriminated by its sexual content and that since there was a jurisdiction of the contingencies that run there, legitimizing the stigmatization of those who are dedicated to this work. Therefore, comprehensive policies aimed at preventing, treating, attending and supporting the problem of STIs and HIV are required, assuming a comprehensive vision in which human rights prevail as a principle. It is for this reason that the implications of sex work in the legal sphere have historically been among its contradictions and followers debates represented in different legal currents; subject that is not easy taking into account his approaches to the plane of morality, added to the blurred limits with illegality. The state as an institution has a determining role in the implications that are put on the table when dealing with the social phenomenon of prostitution not only in a national context, but at a time when the laws evolve in accordance with an international panorama posing not a few dilemmas Faced with the phenomenon that overflows the territorial limits, T-629 of 2010, which opens the discussion in Colombia, to the recognition of the activity of prostitution as work and its implications in the economic and social dimensions.

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Gas sensing system using an unmanned aerial vehicle
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Piñeres Espitia, Gabriel Dario | 2021

A prototype is designed for the analysis of CO2 concentration. In this paper, to evaluate its functionality, data sending tests are executed. A low cost E34-2G4H20D RF module installed in a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is used for data transmission. CO2 concentration measurement were made at the “Universidad de la Costa” in Barranquilla - Colombia. For this, a device was built for monitor the concentration of CO2 using the Arduino UNO platform and the MQ135 gas sensor. Tests were carried out at different heights to analyze package loss and CO2 concentration levels. The results show the effectiveness of the RF module in all tests for data transmission. The concentration of CO2 is evaluated in three zones to determine the minimum and maximum levels in each of them.

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Gasto de bolsillo y gasto catastrófico en salud en los hogares de Cartagena, Colombia
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Alvis-Zakzuk, Jossie | 2018-04-20

Objetivo Estimar el gasto de bolsillo y la probabilidad de gasto catastrófico de los hogares y sus determinantes socioeconómicos en Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Estudio transversal en una muestra poblacional estratificada aleatoria de hogares de Cartagena. Se estimaron dos modelos de regresión cuyas variables dependientes fueron gasto de bolsillo y probabilidad de gasto catastrófico en salud de los hogares. Resultados El gasto de bolsillo promedio anual en hogares pobres fue 1 566 036 COP (US$783) (IC95% 1 117 597–2 014 475); en hogares de estrato medio 2 492 928 COP (US$1246) (IC95% 1 695 845-3 290 011) y en hogares ricos 4 577 172 COP (US$2 288) (IC95% 1 838 222-7 316 122). Como proporción del ingreso, el gasto de bolsillo en salud fue de 14,6% en los hogares pobres, de 8,2% en los hogares de estrato medio y de 7,0% en los hogares ricos. La probabilidad de gasto catastrófico en salud de los hogares pobres fue 30,6% (IC95% 25,6-35,5%), de los de estrato medio del 10,2% (IC95% 4,5-15,9%) y de los hogares de estrato alto del 8,6% (IC95% 1,8- 23,0%). El estrato socioeconómico, la educación y la ocupación fueron los principales determinantes del gasto de bolsillo en salud y de la probabilidad de incurrir en gasto catastrófico en salud. Conclusiones En el sistema de salud persisten desigualdades en la protección financiera de los hogares contra el gasto de bolsillo y la probabilidad de gasto catastrófico. El presente estudio genera evidencia para revisar la política de protección social de los hogares socioeconómicamente más vulnerables.

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Gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio y hospitalario en pacientes con cáncer de mama en la comunidad de valencia. Análisis de los grupos de riesgo clínico 2014-2015
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Albanes Beltran, JP | 2017

Objectives Analizar el gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio y los gastos hospitalarios de las pacientes con cancer de mama (CDM) de una comunidad autónoma española a través de los CRG en los años 2014 y 2015. Methods De la poblacion total dada de alta en el sistema de informacion de farmacia ambulatoria de la comunidad valenciana (N= 4.714.844) se identificaron 31.685 (año 2014) y 33.683 (año 2015) mujeres con CDM utilizando la clasificación CIE-9 y el sistema de clasificación a través del software 3M Clinical Risk Groups (CRG). Se obtuvieron el importe farmacéutico ambulatorio y los ingresos hospitalarios relacionados con la patología y sus comorbilidades, a través de los códigos CIE-9 y GRD, así como los costos promedios aplicados a cada código GRD. Results La prevalencia de la enfermedad estimada a través de los CRG fue de 1,32% (IC 95% 1,33 - 1,30) para el 2014 y de 1,39% (IC95% 1,40 - 1,37) (1 de cada 76 mujeres recibe atención por CDM). El promedio del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio por paciente en los años 2014 y 2015 fue de €991,4 y €1.018,9, respectivamente siendo el gasto total de €31,4 millones en el 2014 y €34 millones en el 2015. El 97% de este valor se concentra en los grupos CRG 5 a 8. Durante los años 2014 y 2015 en pacientes con CDM se presentaron 11.390 y 11.959 ingresos hospitalarios, respectivamente. Los costos en hospitalizaciones por la patología de base y sus comorbilidades ascendieron a 46,9 millones en el 2014 y €49,3 millones en el 2015. Conclusions El costo farmacéutico ambulatorio de los pacientes con CDM en 2014-2015 fue de €65,4 Millones, los ingresos hospitalarios representaron €96,2 millones. Los CRG en CDM son una opción alternativa de evaluación del gasto sanitario que permite monitorear los recursos.

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El gasto público y su influencia en la economía en el gobierno de la seguridad democrática 2005-2009
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Barrios Barrios, Alberto Enrique | 2010-12-31

El gasto público es la principal herramienta con que cuenta el Estado para ejecutar su programa de gobierno y a la vez es el reflejo de las prioridades e intereses de su política económica. La finalidad del gasto en el gobierno del presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez fue privilegiar su programa de Seguridad Democrática que le permitió enfrentar con algún éxito los problemas de violencia originados por distintos grupos como la guerrilla, narcotráfico, paramilitarismo y delincuencia común. Analizamos cómo el gasto bien orientado estabiliza la economía generando crecimiento económico y reduciendo los niveles de pobreza, pero un gasto mal orientado, distorsiona la economía produciendo muchos desequilibrios y a la postre se logra un efecto contrario como inflación, déficit fiscal y una moneda poco sana.

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Gender differences in nutritional, odontological and psychological patterns of adolescent students during COVID-19 pandemic
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Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra | 2021-09-13

This research aimed to explore gender differences in nutritional, odontological and psychological patterns of adolescent students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to achieve the study’s aim, 127 adolescent students (17.61 ± 7.43 years) completed an online questionnaire which analysed variables regarding their psychological, nutritional, oral health, and physical activity profiles and habits during the COVID-19 crisis. Students showed a higher weekly alcohol consumption and higher levels of loneliness perception when alcohol consumption was lower. In addition, experimental avoidance and psychological inflexibility values were lower when the perception of having dry mouth or lack of saliva is higher. The results also show that males presented a more varied intake of food than females and a stronger adherence to physical activity routines. Female students presented a lower number of meals per day when beer and alcohol consumption was higher, and a higher tendency for fat- and sugar-rich foods such as fast food or bakery products than males. Regarding the oral health profile, females showed higher values in daily tooth brushing and no significant differences were found in dry mouth and gastritis variables. The results from the present study could be used by various educational institutions to implement multidisciplinary interventions to develop healthier habits.

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Gender differences in psychological stress factors of physical therapy degree students in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
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BERMEJO FRANCO, ALBERTO | 2022-01-12

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the mental health and quality of life of male and female physical therapy students at the European University of Madrid. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted including a range of tests capturing different domains: 36-item Short Form Health Survey, six-item state version of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Three Items Loneliness Scale, four-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale, Beck Depression Inventory revised version, and Sleep Quality Numeric Rating Scale. (3) Results: A total of 151 students completed the study, consisting of 78 females and 73 males. Gender differences were observed on most of the domains evaluated. Female participants showed worse levels of general health perception, quality of life, depression symptoms, anxiety, stress, experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility, sleep quality and loneliness compared to male physical therapy students. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study support the need of psychological interventions as preventive programs in situations such as COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this study comprise of improving knowledge, awareness, and self-coping strategies or other psychological domains oriented to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and health-related quality of life in university students, especially among female ones.

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Gender differences in stress- and burnout-related factors of university professors
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Redondo-Flórez, Laura | 2020

The aim of the present study was to analyse the gender differences in stress-related factors of university professors. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where gender differences in psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health stress-related factors were analysed in 470 Spanish university professors (58.7% male and 41.3% female, 42:1±9:2 years) through a compendium of questionnaires. The results showed how females presented significantly (p ≤ 0:05) higher scores than males in perceived stress (females: 22:15 ± 4:40 vs. males: 19:69 ± 3:61), emotional exhaustion (females: 20:86 ± 9:51 vs. males: 16:44 ± 9:12), and neuroticism (females: 5:53 ± 1:97 vs. males: 4:77 ± 1:96). These results may be related to higher probabilities to suffer the burnout syndrome, showing possible physical symptoms of this psychological disorder such as dry mouth and gastritis or heartburn. We concluded that female professors presented higher burnout perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and neuroticism levels than males. Females also presented higher dry mouth, gastritis, and heartburn than males. Female professors showed healthier nutritional habits than males, presenting higher consumption of milk products and fruit per day, a higher number of meals, and less eating between hours and fried food consumption. Nevertheless, females consumed fewer water glasses and practised less weekly sport than male professors

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Gender differences in the COVID-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology, and behaviors of spanish university students
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Rodriguez-Besteiro, Stephanie | 2021-04-08

The actual COVID-19 pandemic scenario has generated a context of uncertainty, helplessness, and inequality. Yet, the perception of COVID-19 risk has influenced nutritional, psychological, and physical activity patterns depending on gender. We conducted the present research with the aim of studying gender differences of university students in the perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, and in psychological, nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. To reach the study’s aim, 300 volunteer university students completed an online questionnaire which analyzed variables of perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological profiles, and nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. Results showed that females presented a higher perception of danger to the COVID-19 virus than males but showed no differences in how the pandemic has affected personal lives. Females showed higher values of anxiety, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience, while males presented higher values of extraversion. Nutritionally, males presented greater consumption of soft drinks, meat, and pasta or rice, and lower buccal hygiene. Yet, no differences were found regarding physical activity patterns. Results from the present study could be used by various educational institutions to implement multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the stress and risk perception.

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Gender diversity in the board, women’s leadership and business performance
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Moreno Gómez, Jorge Issac | 2018

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate how gender diversity in top management – i.e. boardroom and top management positions – affects business performance among Colombian public businesses. Design/methodology/approach: Building on the upper echelon theory which emphasizes that gender in an important characteristic that influences top management’s decision-making, panel data models are used on a sample of 54 Colombian public businesses for the period 2008-2015 to test the proposed hypotheses relating to gender diversity and subsequent business performance. Findings: The results support that gender diversity is positively associated with subsequent business performance. More concretely, the relationship between gender diversity at the top of the corporate hierarchy – in the present case, as CEO and in the top management team – and subsequent performance becomes more evident when performance is linked to business operations (ROA), whereas the positive effect of women’s representation in the boardroom and subsequent performance is significant when performance is measured via shareholder-oriented metrics (ROE). Originality/value: Few studies have addressed the role of gender diversity on performance in developing economies. This study contributes to better understand how gender diversity affects performance in contexts where women are underrepresented in the top management, and where the appointment of women directors or managers is not driven by regulatory pressures.

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