Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon
Abstract
The present research aimed to analyze the modification in performance, body composition, and autonomic modulation of reverse and traditional linear training periodization in amateur triathletes.We analyzed running and swimming performance, strengthmanifestation, body composition, and autonomic modulation before and after a traditional linear training periodization (four weeks of volume-based training plus four weeks of intensity-based training plus two-week tapering), a reverse linear training periodization (four weeks of intensity-based training plus four weeks of volume-based training plus two-week tapering), and a free training control physical active group (10-week free training) in 32 amateur athletes. Independently of the periodization model, the combination of two four-week mesocycles followed by a two-week taper is an e ciency strategy to avoid overreaching, obtaining an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study do not modified body composition of amateur triathletes. Also, compared with traditional periodization, reverse periodization e ciently improves horizontal jump performance. Finally, reverse and traditional periodization were an e ective strategy to improve running biomechanical, performance, and physiological variables, as well as e cient periodization strategies to improve swimming technical ability, aerobic, and anaerobic swimming performance.
Referencias:
1. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Clemente V.J., Gonzalez-Rave J.M., Ramos Campo D.J., Sortwell A. Comparison between traditional and reverse periodization: Swimming performance and specific strength values. Int. J. Swim. Kinet. 2013;2:87–96. [Google Scholar] 2. Arroyo-Toledo J., Clemente V., González-Rave J. The effects of ten weeks block and reverse periodization training on swimming performance and body composition of moderately trained female swimmers. J. Swim. Res. 2013;21:1–13. [Google Scholar] 3. Clemente Suarez V.J., González-Ravé J.M. Four weeks of training with different aerobic workload distributions—Effect on aerobic performance. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2014;14:S1–S7. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.635708. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 4. Clemente-Suárez V.J. The Application of Cortical Arousal Assessment to Control Neuromuscular Fatigue During Strength Training. J. Mot. Behav. 2017;49:429–434. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241741. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 5. 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Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018;58:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Prestes J., De Lima C., Frollini A.B., Donatto F.F., Conte M. Comparison of linear and reverse linear periodization effects on maximal strength and body composition. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009;23:266–274. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874bf3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 10. Rhea M.R., Phillips W.T., Burkett L.N., Stone W.J., Ball S.D., Alvar B.A., Thomas A.B. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for local muscular endurance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2003;17:82–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11. Uusitalo A.L., Uusitalo A.J., Rusko H.K. Endurance training, overtraining and baroreflex sensitivity in female athletes. Clin. Physiol. 1998;18:510–520. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2281.1998.00121.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 12. Bompa T.O. Entrenamiento De La Potencia Aplicado a Los Deportes: La Pliometría Para El Desarrollo De La Máxima Potencia. Inde; Barcelona, Spain: 2004. [Google Scholar] 13. Matveev L.P., Zdornyj A.P. Fundamentals of Sports Training. Progress; Moscow, Russia: 1981. [Google Scholar] 14. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Clemente Suárez V.J., González Ravé J.M. Effects of Traditional and Reverse Periodization on Strength, Body-Composition and Swim Performance. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2016;2:474–481. [Google Scholar] 15. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Dalamitros A., Ribeiro J., Sousa A., Fernandes R.J., Vilas-Boas J.P. The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017;17:425–432. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 16. Clemente-Suarez V.J. Periodized training archive better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2017;58:1559–1564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17. Ebben W.P., Kindler A.G., Chirdon K.A., Jenkins N.C., Polichnowski A.J., Ng A.V. The effect of high-load vs. high-repetition training on endurance performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2004;18:513–517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 18. Gibala M.J., Little J.P., Van Essen M., Wilkin G.P., Burgomaster K.A., Safdar A., Raha S., Tarnopolsky M.A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 2006;575:901–911. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112094. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 19. Terada S., Yokozeki T., Kawanaka K., Ogawa K., Higuchi M., Ezaki O., Tabata I. Effects of high-intensity swimming training on GLUT-4 and glucose transport activity in rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001;90:2019–2024. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 20. Terada S., Tabata I., Higuchi M. 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Concentrated Load On A Reverse Periodization, Propel Higher Positives Effects On Track Test Performance, Than Traditional Sequence. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2017;3:470–476. [Google Scholar] 24. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., de la Rosa F.J.B. Traditional Periodization Improves Body Composition Values To Young Low-Experienced Swimmers. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2017;3:507–512. [Google Scholar] 25. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Fernandes R.J., de Jesus K., Pelarigo J., Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Vilas-Boas J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018;58:761–767. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 26. Clemente Suarez V.J., Ramos Campo D., Gonzalez-Rave J.M. Modifications to body composition after running an alpine marathon. Int. SportMed J. 2011;12:133–140. [Google Scholar] 27. Clemente-Suarez V.J., Nikolaidis P.T. Use of bioimpedianciometer as predictor of mountain marathon performance. J. Med. Syst. 2017;41:73. doi: 10.1007/s10916-017-0722-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 28. Ginn E., Australian Sports Commission . Critical Speed and Training Intensities for Swimming. National Sports Research Centre; Bruce, Australia: 1993. [Google Scholar] 29. Adam C., Klissouras V., Ravazzolo M., Renson R., Tuxworth W. EUROFIT: European Test of Physical Fitness. Council of Europe, Committee for the Development of Sport; Rome, Italy: 1988. pp. 10–70. [Google Scholar] 30. Coutts A.J., Wallace L.K., Slattery K.M. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007;28:125–134. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924146. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 31. Bonifazi M., Bela E., Lupo C., Martelli G., Zhu B., Carli G. Influence of training on the response to exercise of adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone plasma concentrations in human swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1998;78:394–397. doi: 10.1007/s004210050436. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 32. Costill D., Thomas R., Robergs R., Pascoe D., Lambert C., Barr S., Fink W. Adaptations to swimming training: Influence of training volume. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1991;23:371–377. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199103000-00017. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 33. Sperlich B., Zinner C., Heilemann I., Kjendlie P., Holmberg H., Mester J. High-intensity interval training improves VO2peak, maximal lactate accumulation, time trial and competition performance in 9–11-year-old swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010;110:1029–1036. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1586-4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 34. Manzi V., Castagna C., Padua E., Lombardo M., D’Ottavio S., Massaro M., Volterrani M., Iellamo F. Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. Am. J. Physiol. -Heart Circ. 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E & FN Spon; London, UK: 1996. Training content and its effects on performance in 100 and 200 m swimmers; pp. 201–207. [Google Scholar] 39. Sylta Ø., Tønnessen E., Hammarström D., Danielsen J., Skovereng K., Ravn T., Rønnestad B., Sandbakk Ø., Seiler S. The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2165–2174. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 40. Galy O., Manetta J., Coste O., Maimoun L., Chamari K., Hue O. Maximal oxygen uptake and power of lower limbs during a competitive season in triathletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2003;13:185–193. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.10170.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 41. Ramos-Campo D.J., Rubio-Arias J.A., Dufour S., Chung L., Ávila-Gandía V., Alcaraz P.E. Biochemical responses and physical performance during high-intensity resistance circuit training in hypoxia and normoxia. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2017;117:809–818. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3571-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 42. Calbet J.A., De Paz J.A., Garatachea N., Cabeza de Vaca S., Chavarren J. Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003;94:668–676. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00128.2002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 43. Nummela A., Keränen T., Mikkelsson L. Factors related to top running speed and economy. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007;28:655–661. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964896. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 44. Williams K.R. Biomechanical factors contributing to marathon race success. Sports Med. 2007;37:420–423. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00038. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 45. Weyand P.G., Sternlight D.B., Bellizzi M.J., Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000;89:1991–1999. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 46. Kyrolainen H., Belli A., Komi P.V. Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1330–1337. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
1. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Clemente V.J., Gonzalez-Rave J.M., Ramos Campo D.J., Sortwell A. Comparison between traditional and reverse periodization: Swimming performance and specific strength values. Int. J. Swim. Kinet. 2013;2:87–96. [Google Scholar] 2. Arroyo-Toledo J., Clemente V., González-Rave J. The effects of ten weeks block and reverse periodization training on swimming performance and body composition of moderately trained female swimmers. J. Swim. Res. 2013;21:1–13. [Google Scholar] 3. Clemente Suarez V.J., González-Ravé J.M. Four weeks of training with different aerobic workload distributions—Effect on aerobic performance. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2014;14:S1–S7. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.635708. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 4. Clemente-Suárez V.J. The Application of Cortical Arousal Assessment to Control Neuromuscular Fatigue During Strength Training. J. Mot. Behav. 2017;49:429–434. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241741. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 5. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Arroyo-Toledo J. Use of biotechnology devices to analyse fatigue process in swimming training. J. Med. Syst. 2017;41:94. doi: 10.1007/s10916-017-0741-4. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 6. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Arroyo-Toledo J.J. The Use of Autonomic Modulation Device to Control Training Performance after High-Intensity Interval Training Program. J. Med. Syst. 2018;42:47. doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0907-8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 7. Clemente-Suárez V., González-Ravé J., Navarro-Valdivielso F. Short-term periodized aerobic training does not attenuate strength capacity or jump performance in recreational endurance athletes. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2014;101:185–196. doi: 10.1556/APhysiol.101.2014.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 8. Clemente-Suarez V.J., Dalamitros A.A., Nikolaidis P.T. The effect of a short-term training period on physiological parameters and running performance: Intensity distribution versus constant-intensity exercise. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018;58:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Prestes J., De Lima C., Frollini A.B., Donatto F.F., Conte M. Comparison of linear and reverse linear periodization effects on maximal strength and body composition. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009;23:266–274. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874bf3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 10. Rhea M.R., Phillips W.T., Burkett L.N., Stone W.J., Ball S.D., Alvar B.A., Thomas A.B. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for local muscular endurance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2003;17:82–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11. Uusitalo A.L., Uusitalo A.J., Rusko H.K. Endurance training, overtraining and baroreflex sensitivity in female athletes. Clin. Physiol. 1998;18:510–520. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2281.1998.00121.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 12. Bompa T.O. Entrenamiento De La Potencia Aplicado a Los Deportes: La Pliometría Para El Desarrollo De La Máxima Potencia. Inde; Barcelona, Spain: 2004. [Google Scholar] 13. Matveev L.P., Zdornyj A.P. Fundamentals of Sports Training. Progress; Moscow, Russia: 1981. [Google Scholar] 14. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Clemente Suárez V.J., González Ravé J.M. Effects of Traditional and Reverse Periodization on Strength, Body-Composition and Swim Performance. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2016;2:474–481. [Google Scholar] 15. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Dalamitros A., Ribeiro J., Sousa A., Fernandes R.J., Vilas-Boas J.P. The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017;17:425–432. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 16. Clemente-Suarez V.J. Periodized training archive better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2017;58:1559–1564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17. Ebben W.P., Kindler A.G., Chirdon K.A., Jenkins N.C., Polichnowski A.J., Ng A.V. The effect of high-load vs. high-repetition training on endurance performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2004;18:513–517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 18. Gibala M.J., Little J.P., Van Essen M., Wilkin G.P., Burgomaster K.A., Safdar A., Raha S., Tarnopolsky M.A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 2006;575:901–911. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112094. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 19. Terada S., Yokozeki T., Kawanaka K., Ogawa K., Higuchi M., Ezaki O., Tabata I. Effects of high-intensity swimming training on GLUT-4 and glucose transport activity in rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001;90:2019–2024. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 20. Terada S., Tabata I., Higuchi M. Effect of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on fatty acid oxidation enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. Jpn. J. Physiol. 2004;54:47–52. doi: 10.2170/jjphysiol.54.47. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 21. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Fernandes R.J., Arroyo-Toledo J., Figueiredo P., González-Ravé J.M., Vilas-Boas J. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015;102:105–113. doi: 10.1556/APhysiol.102.2015.1.11. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 22. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Delgado-Moreno R., González B., Ortega J., Ramos-Campo D.J. Amateur endurance triathletes’ performance is improved independently of volume or intensity based training. Physiol. Behav. 2018;205:2–8. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 23. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Cantos-Polo I., Liedtke J., Palomo-Vélez C. Concentrated Load On A Reverse Periodization, Propel Higher Positives Effects On Track Test Performance, Than Traditional Sequence. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2017;3:470–476. [Google Scholar] 24. Arroyo-Toledo J.J., de la Rosa F.J.B. Traditional Periodization Improves Body Composition Values To Young Low-Experienced Swimmers. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2017;3:507–512. [Google Scholar] 25. Clemente-Suárez V.J., Fernandes R.J., de Jesus K., Pelarigo J., Arroyo-Toledo J.J., Vilas-Boas J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018;58:761–767. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 26. Clemente Suarez V.J., Ramos Campo D., Gonzalez-Rave J.M. Modifications to body composition after running an alpine marathon. Int. SportMed J. 2011;12:133–140. [Google Scholar] 27. Clemente-Suarez V.J., Nikolaidis P.T. Use of bioimpedianciometer as predictor of mountain marathon performance. J. Med. Syst. 2017;41:73. doi: 10.1007/s10916-017-0722-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 28. Ginn E., Australian Sports Commission . Critical Speed and Training Intensities for Swimming. National Sports Research Centre; Bruce, Australia: 1993. [Google Scholar] 29. Adam C., Klissouras V., Ravazzolo M., Renson R., Tuxworth W. EUROFIT: European Test of Physical Fitness. Council of Europe, Committee for the Development of Sport; Rome, Italy: 1988. pp. 10–70. [Google Scholar] 30. Coutts A.J., Wallace L.K., Slattery K.M. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007;28:125–134. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924146. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 31. Bonifazi M., Bela E., Lupo C., Martelli G., Zhu B., Carli G. Influence of training on the response to exercise of adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone plasma concentrations in human swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1998;78:394–397. doi: 10.1007/s004210050436. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 32. Costill D., Thomas R., Robergs R., Pascoe D., Lambert C., Barr S., Fink W. Adaptations to swimming training: Influence of training volume. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1991;23:371–377. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199103000-00017. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 33. Sperlich B., Zinner C., Heilemann I., Kjendlie P., Holmberg H., Mester J. High-intensity interval training improves VO2peak, maximal lactate accumulation, time trial and competition performance in 9–11-year-old swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010;110:1029–1036. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1586-4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 34. Manzi V., Castagna C., Padua E., Lombardo M., D’Ottavio S., Massaro M., Volterrani M., Iellamo F. Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. Am. J. Physiol. -Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009;296:H1733–H1740. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2009. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 35. Furlan R., Piazza S., Dell’Orto S., Gentile E., Cerutti S., Pagani M., Malliani A. Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate. Cardiovasc. Res. 1993;27:482–488. doi: 10.1093/cvr/27.3.482. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 36. Hynynen E., Vesterinen V., Rusko H., Nummela A. Effects of moderate and heavy endurance exercise on nocturnal HRV. Int. J. Sports Med. 2010;31:428–432. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1249625. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 37. Sant’Ana J.E., Pereira M.G., da Silva V.J., Dambrós C., Costa-Neto C.M., Souza H.C. Effect of the duration of daily aerobic physical training on cardiac autonomic adaptations. Auton. Neurosci. 2011;159:32–37. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 38. Mujika I., Busson T., Geyssant A., Chatard J. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII. E & FN Spon; London, UK: 1996. Training content and its effects on performance in 100 and 200 m swimmers; pp. 201–207. [Google Scholar] 39. Sylta Ø., Tønnessen E., Hammarström D., Danielsen J., Skovereng K., Ravn T., Rønnestad B., Sandbakk Ø., Seiler S. The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2165–2174. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 40. Galy O., Manetta J., Coste O., Maimoun L., Chamari K., Hue O. Maximal oxygen uptake and power of lower limbs during a competitive season in triathletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2003;13:185–193. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.10170.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 41. Ramos-Campo D.J., Rubio-Arias J.A., Dufour S., Chung L., Ávila-Gandía V., Alcaraz P.E. Biochemical responses and physical performance during high-intensity resistance circuit training in hypoxia and normoxia. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2017;117:809–818. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3571-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 42. Calbet J.A., De Paz J.A., Garatachea N., Cabeza de Vaca S., Chavarren J. Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003;94:668–676. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00128.2002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 43. Nummela A., Keränen T., Mikkelsson L. Factors related to top running speed and economy. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007;28:655–661. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964896. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 44. Williams K.R. Biomechanical factors contributing to marathon race success. Sports Med. 2007;37:420–423. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00038. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 45. Weyand P.G., Sternlight D.B., Bellizzi M.J., Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000;89:1991–1999. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 46. Kyrolainen H., Belli A., Komi P.V. Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1330–1337. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
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