5G mobile phone network introduction in Colombia

Cama-Pinto, Dora; Damas, Miguel; Holgado-Terriza, Juan Antonio; Gómez Mula, Francisco; Calderin-Curtidor, Andrés Camilo; Martínez Lao, Juan; Cama-Pinto, Alejandro

doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080922

dc.contributor.author	Cama-Pinto, Dora	spa
dc.contributor.author	Damas, Miguel	spa
dc.contributor.author	Holgado-Terriza, Juan Antonio	spa
dc.contributor.author	Gómez Mula, Francisco	spa
dc.contributor.author	Calderin-Curtidor, Andrés Camilo	spa
dc.contributor.author	Martínez Lao, Juan	spa
dc.contributor.author	Cama-Pinto, Alejandro	spa
dc.date.accessioned	2021-05-31T22:05:50Z
dc.date.available	2021-05-31T22:05:50Z
dc.date.issued	2021-04-13
dc.identifier.issn	2079-9292	spa
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8308	spa
dc.description.abstract	The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of 5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks. This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN), and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia.	eng
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	spa
dc.language.iso	eng
dc.publisher	Corporación Universidad de la Costa	spa
dc.rights	CC0 1.0 Universal	spa
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/	spa
dc.source	Electronics	spa
dc.subject	5G	eng
dc.subject	Massive MIMO	eng
dc.subject	MIMO	eng
dc.subject	5G Colombia	eng
dc.subject	O-RAN	eng
dc.subject	5G trial	eng
dc.subject	Mm-W	eng
dc.subject	Stand-alone	eng
dc.subject	5G deployment	eng
dc.subject	5G Latin America	eng
dc.title	5G mobile phone network introduction in Colombia	eng
dc.type	Artículo de revista	spa
dc.source.url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/8/922	spa
dc.rights.accessrights	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess	spa
dc.identifier.doi	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080922	spa
dc.identifier.instname	Corporación Universidad de la Costa	spa
dc.identifier.reponame	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC	spa
dc.identifier.repourl	https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/	spa
dc.relation.references	1. Robaei, M.; Akl, R. Examining Spatial Consistency for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Channel Estimation in 5G-NR. IEEE Int. Conf. Consum. Electron. (ICCE) 2020, 9042983. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	2. Sun, L.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Feng, Z. Wideband 5G MIMO Antenna with Integrated Orthogonal-Mode Dual-Antenna Pairs for Metal-Rimmed Smartphones. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2019, 68, 2494–2503. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	3. Chataut, R.; Akl, R.; Robaei, M. Accelerated and Preconditioned Refinement of Gauss-Seidel Method for Uplink Signal Detection in 5G Massive MIMO Systems. Annu. Comput. Commun. Workshop Conf. (CCWC) 2020, 83–89. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	4. Khalid, M.; Naqvi, S.I.; Hussain, N.; Rahman, M.; Fawad; Mirjavadi, S.S.; Khan, M.J.; Amin, Y. 4-Port MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for 5G Millimeter Wave Applications. Electronics 2020, 9, 71. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	5. Albataineh, Z.; Hayajneh, K.; Salameh, H.B.; Dang, C.; Dagmseh, A. Robust massive MIMO channel estimation for 5G networks using compressive sensing technique. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2020, 120, 153197. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	6. Sakai, M.; Kamohara, K.; Iura, H.; Nishimoto, H.; Ishioka, K.; Murata, Y.; Yamamoto, M.; Okazaki, A.; Nonaka, N.; Suyama, S.; et al. Experimental Field Trials on MU-MIMO Transmissions for High SHF Wide-Band Massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2020, 19, 2196–2207. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	7. Ibrahim, A.A.Z.; Hashim, F.; Noordin, N.K.; Sali, A.; Navaie, K.; Fadul, S.M.E. Heuristic Resource Allocation Algorithm for Controller Placement in Multi-Control 5G Based on SDN/NFV Architecture. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 2602–2617. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	8. Wang, H.; Zhang, R.; Luo, Y.; Yang, G. Compact Eight-Element Antenna Array for Triple-Band MIMO Operation in 5G Mobile Terminals. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 19433–19449. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	9. Elshirkasi, A.M.; Al-Hadi, A.A.; Soh, P.J.; Mansor, M.F.; Khan, R.; Chen, X.; Akkaraekthalin, P. Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal with Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band with User Hand. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 28164–28177. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	10. Carrera, D.F.; Vargas-Rosales, C.; Azpilicueta, L.; Galaviz-Aguilar, J.A. Comparative study of channel estimators for massive MIMO 5G NR systems. IET Commun. 2020, 14, 1175–1184. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	11. Ribeiro, C.; Gomes, R.; Duarte, L.; Hammoudeh, A.; Caldeirinha, R.F. Multi-Gigabit/s OFDM real-time based transceiver engine for emerging 5G MIMO systems. Phys. Commun. 2020, 38, 100957. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	12. Kim, J.; Sung, M.; Cho, S.-H.; Won, Y.-J.; Lim, B.-C.; Pyun, S.-Y.; Lee, J.-K.; Lee, J.H. MIMO-Supporting Radio-Over-Fiber System and its Application in mmWave-Based Indoor 5G Mobile Network. J. Light. Technol. 2020, 38, 101–111. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	13. Usami, M. New World Explored by 5G. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 4–6 January 2020.	spa
dc.relation.references	14. Popovski, P.; Trillingsgaard, K.F.; Simeone, O.; Durisi, G. 5G Wireless Network Slicing for eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC: A Communication-Theoretic View. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 55765–55779. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	15. Hui, H.; Ding, Y.; Shi, Q.; Li, F.; Song, Y.; Yan, J. 5G network-based Internet of Things for demand response in smart grid: A survey on application potential. Appl. Energy 2020, 257, 113972. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	16. Husenovic, K.; Bedi, I.; Maddens, S.; Bozsoki, I.; Karyabwite, D.; Sundberg, N.; Maniewicz, M. Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & Challenges. International Telecommunication Union. 2018. Available online: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/pref/D-PREF-BB.5G_01-2018-PDF-E.pdf (accessed on 21 June 2020).	spa
dc.relation.references	17. Chaudhary, P.; Kumar, A.; Yadav, A. Pattern diversity MIMO 4G AND 5G wideband circularly polarized antenna with integrated LTE band for mobile handset. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 2020, 89, 111–120. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	18. Chen, W.; Lv, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, D.; Ghannouchi, F.M. Doherty PAs for 5G Massive MIMO: Energy-Efficient Integrated DPA MMICs for Sub-6-GHz and mm-Wave 5G Massive MIMO Systems. IEEE Microw. Mag. 2020, 21, 78–93. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	19. Singh, A.; Saavedra, C.E. Fluidically Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna with Pattern Diversity for Sub-6-GHz 5G Relay Node Applications. Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2020, 43, 92–99. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	20. Xu, Z.; Deng, C. High-Isolated MIMO Antenna Design Based on Pattern Diversity for 5G Mobile Terminals. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2020, 19, 467–471. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	21. Alkaraki, S.; Gao, Y. mm-Wave Low-Cost 3D Printed MIMO Antennas with Beam Switching Capabilities for 5G Communication Systems. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 32531–32541. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	22. Vojnovi´c, N.M.; Savi´c, S.V.; Ili´c, M.M.; Ili´c, A.Ž. Performance Analysis of Low-Cost Printed Antenna Array Elements for 5G LOS-MIMO Arrays at 60 GHz. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2020, 111, 2641–2658. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	23. Barani, I.R.R.; Wong, K.-L.; Zhang, Y.-X.; Li, W.-Y. Low-Profile Wideband Conjoined Open-Slot Antennas Fed by Grounded Coplanar Waveguides for 4 × 45 G MIMO Operation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2020, 68, 2646–2657. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	24. Kavitha, M.; Shanthi, S.; Beno, A.; Arul Rajan, B.; Sathish, M. Design of 2 × 2 MIMO-DRA antenna for 5g communication. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res. 2020, 9, 7025–7029.	spa
dc.relation.references	25. El Misilmani, H.M.; El-Hajj, A.M. Massive MIMO Design for 5G Networks: An Overview on Alternative Antenna Configurations and Channel Model Challenges. Int. Conf. High Perform. Comput. Simul. (HPCS) 2017, 288–294. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	26. GSMA. 5G Spectrum GSMA Public Policy Position. 2020. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/5G-Spectrum-Positions.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	27. Parchin, N.O.; Basherlou, H.J.; Al-Yasir, Y.I.A.; Abdulkhaleq, A.M.; Patwary, M.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A. A New CPW-Fed Diversity Antenna for MIMO 5G Smartphones. Electronics 2020, 9, 261. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	28. Parchin, N.O.; Al-Yasir, Y.I.A.; Basherlou, H.J.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A. A closely spaced dual-band MIMO patch antenna with reduced mutual coupling for 4G/5G applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 2020, 101, 71–80. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	29. Zhang, X.-X.; Ren, A.-D.; Liu, Y. Decoupling methods of MIMO antenna arrays for 5G applications: A review. Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng. 2020, 21, 62–71. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	30. Subbaraj, S.; Kanagasabai, M.; Mohammed, G.N.A.; Palaniswamy, S.K.; Tipparaju, R.R.; Kingsly, S.; Selvam, Y.P. Integrated 4G/5G Multiservice MIMO Antenna for Hand-Held Devices. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2019, 111, 2023–2043. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	31. Tang, W.; Kang, S.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z. Design of MIMO-PDMA in 5G mobile communication system. IET Commun. 2020, 14, 76–83. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	32. Tsai, M.-D.; Yang, S.-Y.; Yu, C.-Y.; Chen, P.-Y.; Wu, T.-H.; Hassan, M.; Chen, C.-T.; Wang, C.-W.; Huang, Y.-C.; Hung, L.-H.; et al. 10.3 A 12nm CMOS RF Transceiver Supporting 4G/5G UL MIMO. IEEE Int. Solid State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) 2020, 176–178. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	33. Larsson, E.G.; Danev, D.; Olofsson, M.; Sorman, S. Teaching the Principles of Massive MIMO: Exploring reciprocity-based multiuser MIMO beamforming using acoustic waves. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 2017, 34, 40–47. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	34. Zhu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Yang, S. Integration of 5G Rectangular MIMO Antenna Array and GSM Antenna for Dual-Band Base Station Applications. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 63175–63187. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	35. Buzzi, S.; D’Andrea, C.; Zappone, A.; D’Elia, C. User-Centric 5G Cellular Networks: Resource Allocation and Comparison with the Cell-Free Massive MIMO Approach. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2020, 19, 1250–1264. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	36. Bjornson, E.; Van Der Perre, L.; Buzzi, S.; Larsson, E.G. Massive MIMO in Sub-6 GHz and mmWave: Physical, Practical, and Use-Case Differences. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 2019, 26, 100–108. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	37. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies—Mobile Service. Available online: https://www.mintic. gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/Noticias/161329:En-mayo-de-2021-954-localidades-de-zonas-rurales-tendran-serviciomovil-4G-anuncia-la-ministra-Karen-Abudinen (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	38. Jungnickel, V.; Habel, K.; Parker, M.; Walker, S.; Bock, C.; Riera, J.F.; Marques, V.; Levi, D. Software-defined open architecture for front- and backhaul in 5G mobile networks. Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Netw. (ICTON) 2014, 1–4. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	39. Chih-Lin, I.; Huang, J.; Duan, R.; Cui, C.; Jiang, J.; Li, L. Recent Progress on C-RAN Centralization and Cloudification. IEEE Access 2014, 2, 1030–1039. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	40. Intel. Wind an Intel Company—vRAN: The Next Step in Network Transformation. Available online: https://builders.intel.com/ docs/networkbuilders/vran-the-next-step-in-network-transformation.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	41. Lin, Y.; Feng, L.; Li, W.; Zhou, F.; Ou, Q. Stochastic Joint Bandwidth and Computational Allocation for Multi-Users and Multi-Edge-Servers in 5G D-RANs. IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Cloud 2019, 65–70. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	42. Xu, J.; Dziong, Z.; Luxin, Y.; Huang, Z.; Xu, P.; Cabani, A. Intelligent multi-agent based C-RAN architecture for 5G radio resource management. Comput. Networks 2020, 180, 107418. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	43. Mei, H.; Peng, L. Flexible functional split for cost-efficient C-RAN. Comput. Commun. 2020, 161, 368–374. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	44. Keysight. 5G Terms and Acronyms. Available online: https://www.keysight.com/us/en/assets/7018-06171/brochures/5992-2 996.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	45. Gavrilovska, L.; Rakovic, V.; Denkovski, D. From Cloud RAN to Open RAN. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2020, 113, 1523–1539. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	46. Mendes, J.; Jiao, X.; Garcia-Saavedra, A.; Huici, F.; Moerman, I. Cellular access multi-tenancy through small-cell virtualization and common RF front-end sharing. Comput. Commun. 2019, 133, 59–66. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	47. McKenney, B. Open RAN: Reality or Illusion? Available online: https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/35108-open-ranreality-or-illusion (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	48. Nokia. Open RAN Explained. Available online: https://www.nokia.com/about-us/newsroom/articles/open-ran-explained/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	49. Ericsson. Non-Standalone and Standalone: Two Standards-Based Paths to 5G. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/en/ blog/2019/7/standalone-and-non-standalone-5g-nr-two-5g-tracks (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	50. GSMA. 5G Implementation Guidelines. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2019 /03/5G-Implementation-Guideline-v2.0-July-2019.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	51. Samsung. 5G Standalone Architecture. Available online: https://images.samsung.com/is/content/samsung/p5/global/business/networks/insights/white-papers/0107_5g-standalone-architecture/5G_SA_Architecture_Technical_White_Paper_Public.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	52. Agiwal, M.; Kwon, H.; Park, S.; Jin, H. A Survey on 4G-5G Dual Connectivity: Road to 5G Implementation. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 16193–16210. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	53. GSMA. 5G Implementation Guidelines: NSA Option 3. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/5G-Implementation-Guidelines-NSA-Option-3-v2.1.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	54. Constain, S.; Mantilla-Gaviria, I.A.; Rueda-Jiménez, G.C.; Fernanda-Trujillo, L.; Barrera-Medina, J.G.; Thiriat-Tovar, P.E.; UstateBermúdez, A.G.; Triviño-Arbelaez, H.M.; Agudelo-Mora, O.I. Plan 5G—Colombia’s Digital Future Belongs to Everyone; Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies of Colombia: Bogota, Colombia, 2019. Available online: https://micrositios. mintic.gov.co/plan_tic_2018_2022/pdf/plan_tic_2018_2022_20191121.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	55. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications – Resolution number 00467 of March 9, 2020. Available online: http: //micrositios.mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/resolucion_467_2020_temporal_espectro_pruebas.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	56. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications Technology—Resolution number 003209 of 5 December 2019. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/604/articles-118058_resolucion_3209_2019.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	57. ANE. National Spectrum Agency. Resolution Number 442 of 22 August 2013. Available online: https://normograma.mintic.gov. co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_0963_2019.htm (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	58. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—5G Pilot Expressions of Interest Report. 2020. Available online: http:// micrositios.mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/informe_manifestaciones_interes_piloto_5Gg_u20200311.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	59. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Resolution number 000638 of 1 April 2020. Available online: http: //micrositios.mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/resolucion_638.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	60. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Resolution number 000722 of 30 April 2020. Available online: https: //micrositios.mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/resolucion_722.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	61. GSMA. 5G y el Rango 3,3-3,8 GHz en América Latina November 2020. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wpcontent/uploads/2020/11/5G-and-3.5-GHz-Range-in-Latam-Spanish.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	62. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Mintic Hopes to Have a 5G Auction before the End of the Government. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/MinTIC-enlos-Medios/161584:Mintic-espera-tener-una-subasta-5G-antes-que-termine-el-Gobierno (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	63. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—By May 2021, 954 Rural Localities will Have 4G Mobile Service, Announces Minister Karen Abudinen. Available online: https://mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/Noticias/161329: En-mayo-de-2021-954-localidades-de-zonas-rurales-tendran-servicio-movil-4G-anuncia-la-ministra-Karen-Abudinen (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	64. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Resolution 638 of 1 April 2020. Available online: https://micrositios. mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/infome_asignacion_5g_2.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	65. Telefonica. Movistar Empresas and Hospital Militar Central Present Second 5G Pilot. Available online: https://www.telefonica. co/ver_noticia?id_not=409248143 (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	66. HOMIL. Hospital Militar Central—HOMIL and Movistar Empresas Present Second 5G Pilot. Available online: https://www. hospitalmilitar.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=69906 (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	67. Claro. The Deployment of 5G Antennas Continues. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/pruebas-5g/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	68. Claro. 5G Technology in Colombia: Already in Trials. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/empresas/sectores/noticiasinteres/5g-colombia/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	69. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—MinTIC Assigned Spectrum to Claro to Develop 5G Trials for Six Months. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/MinTIC-en-los-Medios/145864:MinTIC-leasigno-espectro-a-Claro-para-desarrollar-pruebas-5G-durante-seis-meses (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	70. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Resolution 001039 of 23 June 2020. Available online: https://micrositios. mintic.gov.co/plan_5g/pdf/permisos_uso_espectro_piloto_5G.zip (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	71. Claro. Claro Expresses Interest in 5G Technology. Available online: https://www.claro.com.co/institucional/tecnologia-5g (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	72. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—In Colombia, 5G Networks Will Be Ready in 2022. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/MinTIC-en-los-Medios/101472:En-Colombia-redes-5G-estaranlistas-en-2022 (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	73. Enter. Telefonica conducted 5G technology trial in Colombia. Available online: https://www.enter.co/empresas/colombiadigital/telefonica-prueba-5g-en-colombia/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	74. Rebato, M.; Zorzi, M. A Spectrum Sharing Solution for the Efficient Use of mmWave Bands in 5G Cellular Scenarios. IEEE Int. Symp. Dyn. Spectr. Access Netw. (DySPAN) 2018, 1–5. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	75. ANE. National Spectrum Agency—Functions. Available online: http://www.ane.gov.co/Agencia/SitePages/MarcoEstrategico. aspx?p=1&d=8] (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	76. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications—Commercial Roll-Out of 5G Network. Available online: https:// www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/MinTIC-en-los-Medios/149152:Colombia-inicia-proceso-para-desplieguecomercial-de-red-5G (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	77. GSMA. The WRC Series 3.5 GHz in the 5G Era Preparing for New Services in 3.3-4.2 GHz March 2021. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/3.5-GHz-for-5G.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	78. GSA. 2020 in Review 5G networks, Spectrum & Devices (December 2020). Available online: https://gsacom.com/paper/2020-inreview-5g-networks-spectrum-devices/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	79. Ericsson. Building Efficient Fronthaul Networks Using Packet Technologies. 2020. Available online: https://www.ericsson.com/ en/blog/2020/4/building-efficient-fronthaul-networks-using-packet-technologies (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	80. Pérez, G.O.; Hernández, J.A.; Larrabeiti, D. Fronthaul Network Modeling and Dimensioning Meeting Ultra-Low Latency Requirements for 5G. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 2018, 10, 573–581. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	81. Perez, G.O.; Lopez, D.L.; Hernandez, J.A. 5G New Radio Fronthaul Network Design for eCPRI-IEEE 802.1CM and Extreme Latency Percentiles. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 82218–82230. [CrossRef]	spa
dc.relation.references	82. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies—The Spectrum Auction Last December Was Very Clear,”Sylvia Constaín. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-Prensa/Columnas-Ministra-TIC/126186: La-subasta-de-espectro-del-pasado-diciembre-fue-muy-clara-Sylvia-Constain (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	83. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies—Resolution 3078 of 2019. Available online: https:// normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_3078_2019.htm (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	84. MinTIC. Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies—Resolution 3121 of 2019. Available online: https:// normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/resolucion_mintic_3121_2019.htm (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	85. Abudinen-Abuchaibe, K.A.; Mantilla-Gaviria, I.A.; Barrera-Medina, J.G.; Ramírez-Echeverry, J.; Rueda-Pepinosa, J.D.; DávilaBarragán, J.A.; González-Cárdenas, G.; Corredor-Forero, H.A.A.; Ustate-Bermúdez, A.G.; Ruiz-Eraso, A.B.; et al. Preliminary Analysis of the Objective Selection Process for the Allocation of Spectrum Use Permits in IMT Bands (2020). Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of Colombia. Available online: https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/604/articles146624_resolucion_1322_20200727_soporte_tecnico.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	86. Qualcomm. Global Update on Spectrum for 4G & 5G. Available online: https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/ spectrum-for-4g-and-5g.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	87. ANE. National Spectrum Agency—Public consultation document on frequency bands available for the future development of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) in Colombia, August 2020. Available online: http: //www.ane.gov.co/Documentos%20compartidos/ArchivosDescargables/noticias/Consulta%20p%C3%BAblica%20sobre%20 las%20bandas%20disponibles%20para%20el%20futuro%20desarrollo%20de%20las%20IMT%20en%20Colombia.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.relation.references	88. GSMA. 5G Spectrum Positions. 2019. Available online: https://www.gsma.com/latinamerica/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ 5G-Spectrum-Positions-InfoG.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2021).	spa
dc.type.coar	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501	spa
dc.type.content	Text	spa
dc.type.driver	info:eu-repo/semantics/article	spa
dc.type.redcol	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART	spa
dc.type.version	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion	spa
dc.type.coarversion	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa	spa
dc.rights.coar	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2	spa